This article discusses about the different definitions of the category of quantity. From these definitions, the second and the third are zoomed on more. Because number is not a secondary philosophical intelligible. It is not also from the genus of existence. On the contrary, it exists in its object existence and it is a first intelligible. We demonstrate that number is of nature and the thing, which actually is divided, is object not number. Number is a thing although it can be divided. It also deduces that different numbers are species. We argue that the difference between connected quantity and separate quantity is not in defect division, but in having common component. We also criticize the argument that declares straight lines and curves are species.

The purpose of this research is to identify effective criteria for measuring competitive position of certain products of Shahdiran company, a regional major food and juice producer in Iran. To determine the criteria and their relative importance, Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used by organizing a decision team consisting of 6 top managers of the company. Four major competitors (based on market share) were selected for comparison purposes. Cook and Seiford’s developed model which consists of 19 successive steps was used to determine the company’s competitive position. For that, questionnaires based on Saaty scale, were designed to determine; effective criteria, relative importance of each criterion, and company’s rank from retailer’s point of view.A survey research was also conducted to identify the position of other food product retailers in Mashhad as competitors. As a result, company's position in comparison with its four major competitors was determined through using 20 known criteria and market mix. The research further revealed that Alpha totally holds the first rank among its nearest competitors in the regional market while it holds rank 1 for product, 3 for price, 1 for place and finally the second rank for promotion.

Reliable access control is a major challenge of cloud storage services. This paper presents a cloud-based file-sharing architecture with ciphertext-policy attribute-based encryption (CP-ABE) access control mechanism. In CP-ABE, the data owner can specify the ciphertext access structure, and if the user key satisfies this access structure, the user can decrypt the ciphertext. The trusted authority embeds the private key of each attribute in a so-called attribute access polynomial and stores its coefficients publicly on the cloud. By means of the access polynomial, each authorized user will be able to retrieve the private key of the attribute by using her/his owned pre-shard key. In contrast, the data owner encrypts the file with a randomly selected key, namely the cipher key. The data owner encrypts the cipher key by CP-ABE scheme with the desired policies. Further, the data owner can create a different polynomial called query access polynomial for multi-keyword searching. Finally, the data owner places the encrypted file along the encrypted cipher key and query access polynomial in the cloud. The proposed scheme supports fast attribute revocation using updating the corresponding access polynomial and re-encrypting the affected cipher keys by the cloud server. Moreover, most of the calculations at the decryption and searching phases are outsourced to the cloud server, thereby allowing the lightweight nodes with limited resources to act as data users. Our analysis shows that the proposed scheme is both secure and efficient.

Coherency attribute is one of the proper tools in interpretation of structural discontinuities and stratigraphy features in 3-D seismic data. Coherency measurements in three dimensions discuss trace-to-trace similarity and therefore represent interpretable changes in these cases. The similar traces are mapped with high coherence coefficients while anomalies and discontinuities have low coherence coefficients. Coherency attribute shows evaluation criterion of lateral changes in the seismic response, caused by variation in structure, stratigraphy, lithology, porosity and the presence of hydrocarbon. Output of this attribute is a coherence cube which illustrates structural discontinuities and stratigraphy features with higher resolution. In this paper, the application of two conventional coherency attributes based on eigenstructure and crosscorrelation for detection of faults in 3-D synthetic seismic data and actual seismic data is presented.Considering the experimental results, this method has an appropriate response to low SNR for 3-D synthetic models and 3-D actual data. In addition, the comparison of eigenstructure -based coherency attribute method with crosscorrelation-based coherency attribute method indicates the former has higher resolution for detection faults than the latter.

The sanction (Tasvib) and the denigration (Takhtia) problem is one of the differences of opinions between the Moslems' Usolist. For the answer to this question which religion and belief follows the sanction or the denigration, there is no clear expression. Whatever we see in the principle Imamye's writings, they relate the basis of the denigration to Imamye and the basis of the sanction to the Sunnites. After referring to the valid principle references of the Sunnites, it is revealed that this relating is not true generally. The Sunnites scientists mostly believe in the denigration basis and among them, only a small group of them follow the sanction.

Since the emergence of the concept of Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI), the quality of this type of information is presented as its biggest problem. Therefore, this issue has been addressed frequently in the literature, and scientists have tried to evaluate the quality of VGI. However, attribute accuracy, despite its important role in a variety of spatial analyses and applications of VGI, has received less attention in comparison to other elements of quality in the literature. Positional accuracy, completeness, lineage, resolution, and time accuracy are among the most important elements of spatial data quality.In this study, using a novel method and by leveraging Levenshtein algorithm along with text pre-processing, attribute accuracy of volunteered geographic features is examined, comparing this data with reference data. Levenshtein algorithm calculates the difference between two strings of text by counting the number of changes (edits) necessary to change one word to another, and thus sometimes is referred to as Levenshtein distance.The first step of the proposed method is to find corresponding features in the two data sets to perform the comparison based on. This step is done by applying an automatic data matching algorithm between the two sets. This algorithm consists of five stages, each applied on either the reference data set or the VGI data set.After data matching is done, each VGI feature is compared with its corresponding match in the reference data set and the Levenshtein distance between the “name” attribute of these two features is calculated. Then, features are categorized as having correct (accurate), approximately correct, or incorrect names based on the Levenshtein distance and assuming that the name of the reference features are correct. For VGI features without a match in the reference data set, a search distance is defined, inside which reference features with the exact same name as the VGI feature are sought.The study area of this research is Tehran city, Iran. A data set produced by the municipality of Tehran is used as the reference data set and Open Street Map data as the VGI data set. According to the results, 47 percent of VGI features have a name attribute and among these, 33 percent of them have correct name, 44 percent have approximately correct name, and the remaining 23 percent have incorrect names. The Overall attribute accuracy of the VGI data set used in this study, is thus 77 percent, indicating that among those features that have a name attribute, 77 percent of them have either correct or approximately correct names. A future line of research, based on the findings of this paper, could be to develop methods for evaluating the attribute accuracy of a data set without having to compare it with a reference data set.